# Producing results¶

Key objectives

• Offer some advice on running regressions and plotting results.

Once you have translated physical weather data into observations that match the geographic units, much of the work of climate econometrics follows the patterns laid down in other econometrics. This section just provides a few pointers for problems that are common when working with weather relationships.

## Performing regressions¶

Weather regressions require careful fixed-effect (FE) definitions. A geographic unit fixed effect is essential, but several other fixed effects are important to consider:

• Time unit FEs, or high-order polynomial trends.

• FEs or trends as above, at the level of groups of geographic units (e.g. ADM1, if the observations are at ADM2).

• Day of week or day of year FEs, for many social/economic behaviors.

If you have multiple groups (e.g., data for different ages, races, or sexes) and want to estimate different effects for different groups, make sure you use Seemingly Unrelated Regressions.

## Spatial and temporal error term covariance¶

As the resolution of the spatial and temporal units increases, the coviariance between them will also increase. Those additional observations may not provide as much unique information as they appear to. In most cases, it is necessary to use Conley-White standard errors.

Sol Hsiang has code for this in Matlab and Stata: http://www.fight-entropy.com/2010/06/standard-error-adjustment-ols-for.html.

For corresponding code in R, see https://github.com/darinchristensen/conley-se.

## Plotting dose-response functions¶

Regression results are always relative to some baseline, and for dose-response functions, that baseline is often defined as a particular value of the weather variable (e.g., a day at 20 C). At this same point, the standard errors go to 0 (if there are no other variables being projected). To produce this effect, when predicting the dose-response function (e.g., with predict in R), define variables that are 0 at the point. So, for example, if you are plotting a quadratic in temperature relative to 20 C, define your linear term as $$T-20^\circ C$$ and your quadratic term as $$T^2 - (20^\circ C)^2$$.

See Step 4 of the Hands-On Exercise for an example.